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Clinical pharmacology lecture
Dosage use of some antibiotics
Dosage of some antibiotics classified by group name, form, dose, and subject to use.
Drugs excreted in breast milk
Some antihistamines pass into breast milk in large amounts; although the harmful effects are unknown, drug manufacturers recommend not to use; There are reports of children having dizziness and vertigo with clementine.
Drugs that should be avoided or used with caution during pregnancy
Most manufacturers recommend avoiding (or avoiding unless the potential benefit outweighs the risk); Ketorolac is contraindicated during pregnancy, labour, and delivery.
Drugs that should be avoided or used with caution in patients with impaired renal function
Hypokalaemia may precipitate coma (substitute low-potassium diuretics); risk of hypomagnesaemia in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.
Drugs and degree of renal function decline
Perindopril: Use with caution and monitor reactions; often causes hyperkalaemia and other undesirable effects; Initial dose should be 2mg once daily.
Some comments on drug use in hospitals
The clinically significant propensity to thrombosis is associated with high plasma homocysteine levels, the disulphide oxidation product formed from two homocysteine molecules.
Reactions of some commonly used antibiotics
The ‘*’ before a drug name indicates interactions that should be avoided or where close monitoring is required.
Use of antibiotics to treat some common infections
Always remember that aminoglycoside drugs, amikacin, gentamicin, should not be administered directly intravenously but only intramuscularly and intravenously, the solution for infusion should be evenly dissolved in a large amount of sodium chloride solution.
Prophylactic antibiotics in surgery
Bacterial infections after thoracic surgery are classified as clean surgery. Common bacteria are Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, or less commonly E. coli, Proteus.
Clinical tests and results assessment
Creatinine is a breakdown product of phosphocreatine, an important energy storage substance found in muscle. Creatinine production is relatively constant, depending mainly on the muscle mass of each person.
Using medicine for children
The dose in children, calculated in kilograms of body weight, maybe higher than that in adults, because children have a higher metabolic rate.
Drug use in nursing mothers
Some drugs inhibit the infant's suckling reflex, eg phenobarbital. Certain drugs in breast milk may cause increased sensitization in the infant.
Using drugs for pregnant women
It is recommended to use drugs that have been widely used during pregnancy and are safe and effective. New and untried drugs should not be used.
Medicine use in the elderly
The nervous system of the elderly is often susceptible to damage by commonly used medications such as opioid pain relievers, benzodiazepines, and Parkinson's drugs.
Use of drugs for people with impaired kidney function
The degree of impaired renal function to adjust the dose of the drug. This level depends on the toxicity of the drug and whether the drug is completely excreted by the kidneys or partially metabolized to inactive metabolites.
Pharmacokinetics and clinical importance
Knowledge of pharmacokinetics guides patient drug selection based on the patient's medical condition, e.g. age, renal function
Drug concentration in blood plasma
The plasma drug concentration/area under curve describes a patient's plasma drug concentration at various time points after drug administration.
Therapeutic window
In case of hypersensitivity or synergistic effects with other drugs, the treatment window will be lower, just lower drug concentration can still be effective.
Pharmacokinetic processes
The drug can be absorbed directly into the bloodstream when administered parenterally, absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract when administered orally or rectally as well as can be absorbed through other routes.
Pharmacokinetic parameters for clinical application
Drug selection should be based on the characteristics of the drug (eg, is the drug well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract…) and must be based on the specific patient (eg kidney function...).
Nature of drug interactions
Anticholinergics, antihistamines with anticholinergic properties, ganglion blockers, opiates, acetylsalicylic acid slow gastric emptying.
Detect drug interaction management analysis
The nurse must recognize in the patient the clinical signs of one or more adverse effects; ensure that in the infusion solution, in the syringe, the active substances are physicochemically compatible.
Avoid potential drug interactions
Do not combine more than 5 drugs at a time, except in special cases, the doctor's level is not measured according to the length of the prescription
Look up drug interactions
Mims interaction English, Drug interaction facts, David S Tatro, PharmD, 2003, (Incompatex French), Drug interactions and notes, Vietnamese
Clinical drug interactions with food and drink
Alcohol can cause interactions with antidepressants and sleeping pills. Alcohol enhances the ulcerative bleeding effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Dosage use of some antibiotics
Drugs excreted in breast milk
Drugs that should be avoided or used with caution during pregnancy
Drugs that should be avoided or used with caution in patients with impaired renal function
Drugs and degree of renal function decline
Some comments on drug use in hospitals
Reactions of some commonly used antibiotics
Use of antibiotics to treat some common infections
Prophylactic antibiotics in surgery
Clinical tests and results assessment
Using medicine for children
Drug use in nursing mothers
Using drugs for pregnant women
Medicine use in the elderly
Use of drugs for people with impaired kidney function
Pharmacokinetics and clinical importance
Drug concentration in blood plasma
Therapeutic window
Pharmacokinetic processes
Pharmacokinetic parameters for clinical application
Nature of drug interactions
Detect drug interaction management analysis
Avoid potential drug interactions
Look up drug interactions
Clinical drug interactions with food and drink
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