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Pediatric pathology
Paediatrics: Gynaecomastia
This is a condition affecting boys in which there is hyperplasia of the glandular tissue of the breast resulting in enlargement of one or both breasts.
Paediatrics: Precocious puberty - management
The diagnosis is based on demonstrating progressive pubertal development and increased growth rate, together with laboratory evidence of increased sex steroid production.
Paediatrics: Delayed puberty - management
Children with CDGP may be treated with a short course of sex steroid therapy to promote physical development and growth (see Constitutional delay of growth and puberty).
Paediatrics: Assessment of puberty
The puberty stage can be rated using the Tanner staging system.
Paediatrics: Hypercalcaemia
There are a number of different causes of high plasma calcium levels: · William’s syndrome. · Idiopathic infantile hypercalcaemia.
Paediatrics: Type 1 diabetes mellitus - associated illnesses
Patients with T1DM are at increased risk for a number of other autoimmune disorders.
Paediatrics: Hypertension: definition
Normal: systolic and diastolic <90th centile.
Paediatrics: Haematuria
Blood in the urine (haematuria) may be visible to the naked eye or it may be microscopic and detected only by dipstick testing or by microscopy.
Paediatrics: Intestinal parasites
Infection is usually via the faecal-oral route. Pets and livestock can be hosts.
Paediatrics: Jaundice
Jaundice occurs when serum bilirubin >25–30mmol/L. It is rare outside the neonatal period.
Paediatrics: Acute diarrhoea
Normal stool frequency and consistency vary, e.g. breastfed infants may pass 10–12 stools per day, primary school children may pass stool from three times a day to once every three days.
Paediatrics: Sleep apnoea
Apnoea is defined as a lack of breathing. Obstructive apnoea refers to a lack of airflow in the face of respiratory effort.
Paediatrics: Common presentation: stridor
Stridor is a noise heard during the inspiratory phase of breathing.
Paediatrics: Suprapubic aspiration of urine
The optimal method for obtaining urine for bacteriology in a child <2yr old.
Paediatrics: CNS malformations
Overall incidence 74–5/10 000 births. There has been a dramatic fall in the last 50yrs.
Paediatrics: Routine care of the new-born
Routine measurements · Measure within 1hr of birth: · Weight (term mean 73.5kg); · Head circumference (mean 735cm); · Body length (mean 750cm).
Paediatrics: Neonatal seizures
Incidence ~2–4/1000 live births. Usually occur 12–48hr after delivery.
Paediatrics: Birth trauma
LGA, cephalic–pelvic disproportion, malpresentation, precipitate delivery, instrumental delivery, shoulder dystocia, prematurity.
Paediatrics: Basic obstetrics
The aim of obstetrics is to monitor and promote foetal and maternal well-being during pregnancy and labour and to identify and manage high-risk pregnancies or complications.
Paediatrics: Poisoning
The peak incidence of childhood accidental poisoning is between the ages of 2 and 3yrs.
Paediatrics: Respiratory distress -Management
Respiratory drive: pattern and timing of breathing may reflect a central or brainstem cause.
Paediatrics: Vital signs
See Tables 3.1 and 3.2 for normal values of respiratory rate, heart rate (HR), and BP at different ages.
Paediatrics: Respiratory system
Lips and buccal mucosa: what is the colour of the mucous membranes and lips? Is the tongue in good condition? What is its colour? Are there any plaques, white patches, or spots?
Paediatrics: Cardiovascular system
Colour and cyanosis: examine the colour of the sclerae and conjunctivae.
Paediatrics: Gastrointestinal system
For hands, mouth, tongue, and eyes see respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Assess whether the child is jaundiced.
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Paediatrics: Gynaecomastia
Paediatrics: Precocious puberty - management
Paediatrics: Delayed puberty - management
Paediatrics: Assessment of puberty
Paediatrics: Hypercalcaemia
Paediatrics: Type 1 diabetes mellitus - associated illnesses
Paediatrics: Hypertension: definition
Paediatrics: Haematuria
Paediatrics: Intestinal parasites
Paediatrics: Jaundice
Paediatrics: Acute diarrhoea
Paediatrics: Sleep apnoea
Paediatrics: Common presentation: stridor
Paediatrics: Suprapubic aspiration of urine
Paediatrics: CNS malformations
Paediatrics: Routine care of the new-born
Paediatrics: Neonatal seizures
Paediatrics: Birth trauma
Paediatrics: Basic obstetrics
Paediatrics: Poisoning
Paediatrics: Respiratory distress -Management
Paediatrics: Vital signs
Paediatrics: Respiratory system
Paediatrics: Cardiovascular system
Paediatrics: Gastrointestinal system
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