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Paediatrics: Circulation: cardiovascular difficulty
2021-03-10 12:00 AM
The failure to deliver adequate oxygen to the tissues: ·Heart rate disturbance: bradycardia, dysrhythmias. ·Decreased stroke volume: hypovolaemia; vasodilatation; poor contractility.
Circulation: cardiovascular difficulty
Shock
The failure to deliver adequate oxygen to the tissues:
- Heart rate disturbance: bradycardia, dysrhythmias.
- Decreased stroke volume: hypovolaemia; vasodilatation; poor contractility.
Congestive heart failure
Cardiac fatigue due to:
- Excess volume load: from left-to-right cardiac lesions (ventricular septal defect (VSD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), arteriovenous (AV) canal), AV fistula, severe anaemia, hypervolaemia.
- Excess pressure load: from the systemic vascular system (aortic stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, or hypertension) or pulmonary vascular system (pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary hypertension, chronic hypoventilation, or severe upper airway obstruction).
- Myocardial problems: including cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, myocardial ischaemia (anomalous coronary artery, cardiac thrombosis in Kawasaki), metabolic disorders.
- Excess myocardial demand: due to fever, thyrotoxicosis.
Dysrhythmia
uncommon, but consider:
- Supraventricular tachycardia.
- Congenital heart block.
Hypertension
causes of hypertension are:
- Renal: glomerulonephritis; haemolytic–uraemic syndrome; pyelonephritis; obstructive nephropathy; vascular disease.
- Cardiac: coarctation of the aorta.
- Neurological: infection; drugs; tumour; cerebral oedema.
- Endocrine: phaeochromocytoma; Cushing’s syndrome; corticosteroids; hyperthyroidism.
- Toxins and poisons.
- Primary essential hypertension.
Anaphylactic shock
the main causes are food, medication, and insect bites. Life-threatening problems are:
- Respiratory: airway narrowing of the upper and lower airway.
- CVS: shock, vasodilatation, and increased vascular permeability.
Pericarditis
The causes include infection, rheumatological disorders, trauma, malignancy, and post-pericardiotomy syndrome.
Congenital heart disease